Amos 9
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: Amo 9:1-4 1I saw the Lord standing beside the altar, and He said,
“Smite the capitals so that the thresholds will shake,
And break them on the heads of them all!
Then I will slay the rest of them with the sword;
They will not have a fugitive who will flee,
Or a refugee who will escape.
2Though they dig into Sheol,
From there will My hand take them;
And though they ascend to heaven,
From there will I bring them down.
3Though they hide on the summit of Carmel,
I will search them out and take them from there;
And though they conceal themselves from My sight on the floor of the sea,
From there I will command the serpent and it will bite them.
4And though they go into captivity before their enemies,
From there I will command the sword that it slay them,
And I will set My eyes against them for evil and not for good.”
Amo 9:1 This refers to the destruction of a sacred worship site (i.e., altar). The mechanism was the earthquake (cf. Amo 1:1 ; Amo 8:7-10 ; Amo 9:1 ; Amo 9:9 ). The Israelites were trusting in their covenant relationship with YHWH, but God rejected their amalgamated religious worship (cf. Amo 5:21-24 ; Amo 8:10 ).
▣ “Smite the capitals” The VERB (BDB 64:5 , KB 69:7 ) is a Qal IMPERATIVE. This verse has two IMPERATIVES and a Qal IMPERFECT used as a JUSSIVE (i.e., “quake” BDB 95:0 , KB 127:1 ).
The term “capital” (BDB 49:9 ) refers to the carved (decorated) top of the support columns.
▣ “the thresholds” “Thresholds” (BDB 70:6 ) refers to the frame in which the door of the temple is mounted (cf. Isa 6:4 ).
▣ “break them on the heads of them all” This is referring to the destruction of the worshipers by supernatural means, similar to Samson destroying the Philistine temple in Jdg 16:23-30 . Here the mechanism seems to have been a divinely timed and targeted earthquake.
▣ The last three lines of Amo 9:1 assert that no Israelite will ultimately escape God's judgment (cf. Amo 9:2-3 ). It is similar in meaning to Amo 5:19 .
Prophetic literature is characterized by judgment passages being placed beside salvation passages. This chapter is a good example.
1. Amo 9:1-10 , judgment
2. Amo 9:11-15 , salvation
Both are true, but there are conditions/options based on God's mercy and human faith/repentance. A remnant of Jews will survive to accomplish God's redemptive plan!
Amo 9:2-3 These verses describe the futility of trying to escape from God's judgment (e.g., Job 34:22 ; Jer 23:24 ; Isa 29:15 ). The metaphors used are the same as in Psa 139:8-12 (also note Pro 15:11 ).
Amo 9:2 “Though they dig into Sheol” Sheol (BDB 98:2 , e.g., Isa 5:14 ; Isa 14:9 ; Isa 28:15 ; Isa 28:18 ; Isa 38:10 ) refers to the holding place of the dead. It is described as being in the earth (i.e., dig). This is similar to people trying to hide in the caves in Isa 2:10 ; Isa 2:19-21 ; Luk 23:30 ; and Rev 6:15-16 .
SPECIAL TOPIC: Where Are the Dead? <http://www.freebiblecommentary.org/special_topics/dead_where_are_they.html>
▣ “though they ascend to heaven” This is the spacial opposite of Sheol. The language of these verses (i.e., Amo 9:1-4 ) is reminiscent of Psa 139:8 . There is no where to hide from God!
In this verse heaven may refer to the atmosphere above the earth (cf. Gen 1:1 ; Gen 1:14-20 ) and not God's throne (although Isa 14:12-14 seems to merge the Jewish concept of the first heaven and the third heaven).
Amo 9:3 “the summit of Carmel” This may be a dual metaphor: (1) this site had very thick vegetation (BDB 50:2 II) with many caves or (2) this was a traditional worship site (cf. 1 Kings 1:8 ).
▣ “though they conceal themselves from My sight on the floor of the sea” This is obviously metaphorical of sinful mankind's attempt to hide from God (cf. Job 34:21-22 ; Psa 139:9-12 ; Jer 16:16-17 ).
The Israelites were a desert people. They were afraid of vast, deep water. The last place they would hide is the deep!
▣ “I will command the serpent and it will bite them” This is an allusion to the mythical sea monster, Leviathan (cf. Job 3:8 ; Job 41:1 ; Psa 74:13-14 ; Psa 104:26 ; Isa 27:1 ) or Rahab (cf. Job 9:13 ; Job 26:12 ; Psa 89:10 ; Isa 51:9 ). Notice God commands (BDB 84:5 , KB 101:0 , Piel IMPERFECT) the chaos monster.
Amo 9:4 This is a shocking verse. God's anger and judgment will pursue them even into exile. They will be herded like cattle into a foreign land, but even there death will await them! God will show no compassion (cf. Hos 1:6 ; Hos 2:4 ) because they are no longer His covenant people (cf. Hos 1:9 ; Hos 2:23 ). This verse reflects the consequences of breaking God's covenant (cf. Leviticus 2:6 , esp. Lev 26:33 ).
▣ “I will set My eyes against them for evil and not for good” This is exactly opposite to the covenant promises! This same metaphor and terminology occur several times in Jeremiah (cf. Jer 21:10 ; Jer 39:16 ; Jer 44:11 ; Jer 44:27 ). It reflects the cursing and blessing sections of Leviticus 2:6 and especially Deuteronomy 2:7-29 .
Notice that God has the power to command actions outside of the Promised Land in the nations supposedly controlled by other gods. These other gods are helpless but to obey. They are non-existent and cannot stop YHWH's wrath!
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: Amo 9:5-6 5The Lord GOD of hosts,
The One who touches the land so that it melts,
And all those who dwell in it mourn,
And all of it rises up like the Nile
And subsides like the Nile of Egypt;
6The One who builds His upper chambers in the heavens
And has founded His vaulted dome over the earth,
He who calls for the waters of the sea
And pours them out on the face of the earth,
The LORD is His name.
Amo 9:5-6 This is the last of the three doxologies, hymns, or poems to YHWH as creator (cf. Amo 4:13 ; Amo 5:8-9 ).
Amo 9:5 This may be another reference to the earthquake, Amo 1:1 ; Amo 8:8-9 ; Amo 9:1 (i.e., the land, like the Nile River, rises and falls).
▣ “Lord GOD of hosts” This title is found in Amo 3:13 ; Amo 4:13 ; Amo 5:14 ; Amo 5:16 ; Amo 5:27 ; Amo 6:8 ; Amo 6:14 . See Special Topic: Lord of Hosts <http://www.freebiblecommentary.org/special_topics/lord_of_hosts.html> and brief note at Amo 5:14 .
Amo 9:6 These are difficult-to-translate creation metaphors. They speak of God as creator of heaven and earth (cf. Genesis 1; Psalms 10:4 ). He is the controller of heavenly bodies and water, both salt and fresh (i.e., forces of nature).
It is possible to translate “vaulted dome” (BDB 8) as “storehouse” and if so, then Amo 9:6 a refers to God's dwelling place and Amo 9:6 b refers to mankind's dwelling place, both of which are created by YHWH (cf. Amo 9:5 a, 6d).
▣ “The LORD is His name” See Special Topic: NAMES FOR DEITY <http://www.freebiblecommentary.org/special_topics/names_deity.html>.
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: Amo 9:7-10 7”Are you not as the sons of Ethiopia to Me,
O sons of Israel?” declares the LORD.
“Have I not brought up Israel from the land of Egypt,
And the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir?
8Behold, the eyes of the Lord GOD are on the sinful kingdom,
And I will destroy it from the face of the earth;
Nevertheless, I will not totally destroy the house of Jacob,”
Declares the LORD.
9For behold, I am commanding,
And I will shake the house of Israel among all nations
As grain is shaken in a sieve,
But not a kernel will fall to the ground.
10All the sinners of My people will die by the sword,
Those who say, 'The calamity will not overtake or confront us.'
Amo 9:7-8 UBS, A Translator's Handbook on the Book of Amos, makes an interesting observation on the relationship between Amo 9:7-8 . Amo 9:7 states very emphatically that Israel is not special, unique, or privileged, yet Amo 9:8 shows God's special covenant care for her (cf. p. 181).
This same tension about God's covenant people exists in the New Testament.
SPECIAL TOPIC: “TENSIONS” (Excerpted from “Crucial Introductory Article” to the Book Revelation) <http://www.freebiblecommentary.org/special_topics/eschatology.html>
Amo 9:7 Both the questions of Amo 9:7 expect a “yes” answer. Basically God is depreciating the covenantal uniqueness of Israel. The one and only God has led all nations to and from their current geographical locations (cf. Deu 32:8 ; and possibly implied in Deu 29:26 ). It must have been painful for Israel to be compared to Ethiopia, Philistia, and Syria. This is in sharp contrast to the election theology of Amo 3:2 ! Israel, like all nations, will answer for their sins!
▣ “Israel from the land of Egypt” This is a reference to the Exodus, which was the beginning of Israel as a nation.
▣ “Caphtor” This refers to the island of Crete, which may have been the ancestral home of the Philistines (sea people of the Aegean).
▣ “Kir” This may refer to (1) a part of Mesopotamia near Elam (cf. Isa 22:6 ); (2) a word which means “walls” and stands for Nineveh; (3) a river in northern Armenia; or (4) a mountain range forming the northern boundary of Syria (cf. Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4, p. 83).
Amo 9:8 Israel will be treated like all other nations that sin, except that YHWH will not totally destroy His people of promise (cf. Amo 5:4-7 ; Amo 5:14-15 ; Amo 9:11-15 ). A righteous remnant of the house of Jacob will be spared! This theme is often repeated in Jeremiah.
1. Judah will survive, Jer 4:27 ; Jer 5:10 ; Jer 5:18 ; Jer 33:16 2. Israel will survive, Jer 30:11 ; Jer 31:35-36 God's eternal plan of redemption (i.e., the Messiah) depends on it!
▣ “the eyes of the Lord GOD are on the sinful nation” This idiom, “the eyes of the Lord GOD,” refers to His tender watchcare over His covenant people (cf. Deu 11:12 ). However, the addition of the phrase, “the sinful nation,” shows the dilemma. Maybe the best way to express this is as a parent's pain at the poor life choices of a child (cf. Hosea 1:1 ). A truly loving parent must let the consequences of poor choices play out for the long term health, happiness, and maturity of the child, but it is very hurtful to both parties.
▣ “destroy” This term (BDB 102:9 , KB 155:2 ) is used three times in this verse. It means “to annihilate,” “to destroy,” “to terminate.” This is such a contrast to the use of this same term in Deu 33:26-29 , where it refers to God destroying His people's enemies.
Here they are now the enemy (Hiphil PERFECT). Yet even here there is a glimmer of hope, “I will not totally destroy the house of Jacob” (Hiphil INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE and a Hiphil IMPERFECT). Because of Amo 9:11 this could refer to Judah!
Amo 9:9-10 The Hebrew text is uncertain. Apparently this refers to some type of sifting process either for judgment (i.e., pebble) or for salvation (i.e., grain kernels). The context implies the righteous remnant will be spared and not one of them lost (i.e., Amo 9:9 d). But for the wicked, God will judge Israel like all other idolatrous nations (i.e., Amo 9:10 ).
The VERB “shake” (BDB 63:1 , KB 68:1 , Hiphil PERFECT) refers to grain which is shaken through a sieve to remove the stones or dirt clods that may be mixed in with the heads of grain. The word translated “kernel” (NASB, NJB, while NKJ has “the smallest grain”) can also mean “pebble” (cf. 2Sa 17:13 , KB 45:9 ; NRSV). This term (BDB 86:5 ) is usually translated “bundle,” “parcel,” “pouch,” or “bag.” Here it refers to an object caught in the bundling (reaping) process of stacking and tying grain stalks together in the field.
“Among all nations” probably relates to Amo 9:4 , where YHWH sends judgment even on those sinful Israelites who are taken into exile. Even in other nations God's judgment will destroy His faithless covenant people (cf. Amo 9:10 b). There is no place to hide from God's wrath (cf. Amo 5:19 ).
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: Amo 9:11-12 11”In that day I will raise up the fallen booth of David,
And wall up its breaches;
I will also raise up its ruins
And rebuild it as in the days of old;
12That they may possess the remnant of Edom
And all the nations who are called by My name,”
Declares the LORD who does this.
Amo 9:11-15 The paragraph division is uncertain (all paragraph divisions are opinions, not inspiration). The context shifts unexpectedly from judgment to restoration (and from Samaria to Jerusalem). However, the message of hope is sure!
Amo 9:11 “In that day” This phrase appears several times (cf. Amo 2:16 ; Amo 8:3 ; Amo 8:9 ; Amo 8:14 ). See note at Amo 2:16 . Israel thought “that day” of God's visitation would be a blessing, but Amos prophesied it would be a judgment (e.g., Amo 5:18-20 ). Now Amos reverses the prophecy. For the righteous remnant “that day” will be a restoration of the covenant promises to David (cf. 2 Samuel 7). In Amo 9:13-14 the promises of God to Moses, especially Deu 28:1-14 , are emphasized.
It is crucial we see that the prophets of the OT always refer to the Mosaic covenant stipulations. Moses knew that the descendants of the Patriarchs could not keep the covenant (cf. Deu 28:58-63 ; Deu 29:25-28 ), as did Joshua (cf. Jos 24:19 ). However, Deuteronomy also holds out hope that a future day of forgiveness and restoration provided by YHWH will come (cf. Deu 30:5 ) through God's Messiah (cf. Deu 18:18 ). It is this hope that the prophets pick up on and expand into an eschatological day of victory and abundance, not judgment!
▣ “the fallen booth of David” This idiom refers to the kingdom of David, symbolized in Jerusalem as its capital and spiritual center. The golden age of the United Monarchy (i.e., a godly king representing YHWH), with its prosperity, security, and religious faithfulness is restored.
The prediction of a coming Messiah always goes back to Judah (cf. 2 Samuel 7; Isa 7:14 ; Isa 9:6-7 ; Isa 11:1-9 ; Jer 33:15 ; Jer 33:17 ; Mic 4:1-5 ; Mic 5:2-5 a). See Special Topic: Messiah <http://www.freebiblecommentary.org/special_topics/messiah.html>.
▣ “its breaches” Amo 9:11 is literally a reference to the walls of Jerusalem. It is FEMININE PLURAL, which may be a subtle way of referring to the reunification of Israel and Judah (i.e., one capital and worship center).
Amo 9:12 This verse describes the military restoration of the limits of the Promised Land under David and Solomon. This eschatological promise takes on universal implications in Act 15:16-17 , where “Edom” is changed to “Adam” (i.e., mankind) in the Septuagint, which is quoted by James (also note Paul's use of Hos 1:10 ; Hos 2:23 in Rom 9:24-26 )! This universal theme is also reflected in Amo 9:5-7 (cf. Gen 3:15 ; Gen 12:3 ; Exo 19:5-6 ; Isa 42:1 ; Isa 42:4 ; Isa 42:6 ; Isa 42:10-11 ; Isa 49:6 ; Isa 51:4 ).
This restoration to the Promised Land (e.g., Gen 12:1-3 ; Gen 13:14-17 ; Gen 15:7 ) is in direct contrast to Amo 9:1-4 ; Amo 9:9-10 . God's relation to Abraham and his seed was based on covenant obedience. If they did not:
1. they would “be destroyed,” Deu 4:26 ; Deu 6:15 ; Jos 23:15 ; 1Ki 13:34 ; Amo 9:8 2. they would be “plucked from” the land, Deu 28:63 3. they would be “uprooted,” Deu 29:28 ; 1Ki 14:15 ; 2Ch 7:20 4. they would “perish,” Jos 23:13 ; Jos 23:16 5. they would be “cut off,” 1Ki 9:7 6. they would “be carried away,” 2Ki 17:6 ; 2Ki 17:23 ; 2Ki 18:9-11 ; 2Ki 25:21 (also 2Ki 23:27 )
But if they obeyed, then they would remain in the land, 2Ki 18:12 ; 2Ki 21:8 ; 2Ch 33:8 (cf. 2Sa 7:10 ).
So often in the Prophets, God's people returning to “their own land” is emphasized (cf. Isa 14:1-2 ; Jer 16:15 ; Eze 11:17 ; Eze 34:13 ; Eze 34:17 ; Eze 36:24 ; Eze 37:12 ; Eze 37:14 ; Eze 37:21 ; Amo 9:15 ).
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: Amo 9:13-15 13”Behold, days are coming,” declares the LORD,
“When the plowman will overtake the reaper
And the treader of grapes him who sows seed;
When the mountains will drip sweet wine
And all the hills will be dissolved.
14Also I will restore the captivity of My people Israel,
And they will rebuild the ruined cities and live in them;
They will also plant vineyards and drink their wine,
And make gardens and eat their fruit.
15I will also plant them on their land,
And they will not again be rooted out from their land
Which I have given them,”
Says the LORD your God.
Amo 9:13-15 The time element of this verse must be eschatological, for Israel will be subjugated again and again in history. This promise (political peace and agricultural abundance, cf. Deuteronomy 2:7-29 , another eschatological text is Joe 3:18 ) is still conditional on covenant obedience. This is not specifically stated, but surely implied.
Amo 9:13 “sweet wine” See Special Topic: Biblical Attitudes Toward Alcohol and Alcoholism Abuse <http://www.freebiblecommentary.org/special_topics/alcohol.html>.
NASB “all the hills will be dissolved”
NKJV, NRSV,
TEV, NJB “all the hills shall flow with it”
The VERB (BDB 55:6 , KB 55:5 , Hithpolel IMPERFECT) means “melt” (i.e., God's judgment, cf. Mic 1:4 ; Nah 1:5 ), but here it is a hyperbole of flowing grape juice by treading, a symbol of agricultural abundance!
Amo 9:14 This restoration is a reversal of Deu 28:38-40 ; Amo 5:11 ; Mic 6:15 ; Zep 1:13 . God's people will plant vineyards in His land and enjoy their fruit (i.e., a metaphor for security and longevity in the land, e.g., Jer 31:5 ; Eze 28:26 ).
Amo 9:15 Even this seemingly unconditional promise must be evaluated in light of the history of the Jewish people. Obviously it has both an eschatological aspect (cf. 2Sa 7:10 ; Jer 24:6 ; Jer 32:41 ; Jer 42:10 ) and a historical aspect.
▣ “the LORD your God” The magnificent reversal (covenant - judgment - covenant) of status; they are covenant people again (cf. Hos 2:21-23 ).
