But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ.
For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not preached, or if ye receive another spirit, which ye have not received, or another gospel, which ye have not accepted, ye might well bear with him.
And when I was present with you, and wanted, I was chargeable to no man: for that which was lacking to me the brethren which came from Macedonia supplied: and in all things I have kept myself from being burdensome unto you, and so will I keep myself.
Are they ministers of Christ? (I speak as a fool) I am more; in labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequent, in deaths oft.
In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren;
Aretas. This Aretas was an Arabian king, and the father-in-law of Herod Antipas, upon whom he made war in consequence of his having divorced his daughter. Herod applied to Tiberius for help, who sent Vitellius to reduce Aretas, and to bring him alive or dead to Rome. By some means or other Vitellius delayed his operations, and in the mean time Tiberius died; and it is probable that Aretas, who was thus snatched from ruin, availed himself of the favourable state of things, and seized on Damascus, which had belonged to his ancestors.
1. Would that ye did bear with me. As he saw that the ears of the Corinthians were still in part pre-engaged, (793) he has recourse to another contrivance, for he turns to express a wish, as persons do when they do not venture openly to entreat. (794) Immediately afterwards, however, as if gathering confidence, he nevertheless entreats the Corinthians to bear with hisfolly. He gives the name of folly to that splendid proclamation of his praises, which afterwards follows. Not as if he were a fool in glorying; for he was constrained to it by necessity, and besides, he restrained himself in such a manner, that no one could justly regard him as going beyond bounds; but as it is an unseemly thing to herald one’s own praises, and a thing that is foreign to the inclinations of a modest man, he speaks by way of concession.
What I have rendered in the imperative — bear with me, Chrysostom interprets as an affirmation, and certainly the Greek word is ambiguous, and either sense suits sufficiently well. As, however, the reasons that the Apostle subjoins are designed to induce the Corinthians to bear with him, and as we will find him afterwards expostulating with them again on the ground of their not conceding anything to him, I have followed the Old Interpreter. (795) By saying, Would that, etc., he had seemed to be distrustful; now, as if correcting that hesitation, he openly and freely commands.
(793) “Des propos des faux apostres;” — “By the speeches of the false apostles.”
(794) “Ceux ausquels ilsont affaire;” — “Those with whom they have to do.”
(795) The rendering of the Vulgate is as follows: “Sed supportate me.” (“But bare with me.”) Wiclif (1380) reads: “But also supporte ye me.” Tyndale (1534) also renders in the imperative, as follows: “Yee, and I pray you forbeare me.” — Ed.
2. For I am jealous Mark why it is that he acts the fool, for jealousy hurries a man as it were headlong. “Do not demand that I should show the equable temper (796) of a man that is at ease, and not excited by any emotion, for that vehemence of vehemence of jealousy, with which I am inflamed towards you, does not suffer me to be at ease.” As, however, there are two kinds of jealousy — the one springs from self love, and of a wicked and perverse nature, while the other is cherished by us on God’s account, (797) he intimates of what sort his zeal is. For many are zealous — for themselves, not for God. That on the other hand, is the only pious and right zeal, that has an eye to God, that he may not be defrauded of the honors that of right belong to him.
For I have united you to one man. That his zeal was of such a nature, he proves from the design of his preaching, for its tendency was to join them to Christ in marriage, and retain them in connection with him. (798) Here, however, he gives us in his own person a lively picture of a good minister; for One alone is the Bridegroom of the Church — the Son of God. All ministers are the friends of the Bridegroom, as the Baptist declares respecting himself. (Joh 3:29.) Hence all ought to be concerned, that the fidelity of this sacred marriage remain unimpaired and inviolable. This they cannot do, unless they are actuated by the dispositions of the Bridegroom, so that every one of them may be as much concerned for the purity of the Church, as a husband is for the chastity of his wife. Away then with coldness and indolence in this matter, for one that is cold (799) will never be qualified for this office. Let them, however, in the mean time, take care, not to pursue their own interest rather than that of Christ, that they may not intrude themselves into his place, lest while they give themselves out as his paranymphs, (800) they turn out to be in reality adulterers, by alluring the bride to love themselves.
To present you as a chaste virgin. We are married to Christ, on no other condition than that we bring virginity as our dowry, and preserve it entire, so as to be free from all corruption. Hence it is the duty of ministers of the gospel to purify our souls, that they may be chaste virgins to Christ; otherwise they accomplish nothing. Now we may understand it as meaning, that they individually present themselves aschaste virgins to Christ, or that the minister presents the whole of the people, and brings them forward into Christ’s presence. I approve rather of the second interpretation. Hence I have given a different rendering from Erasmus. (801)
(796) “Vne equalite et moderation;” — “An evenness and moderation.”
(797) “De laquelle nous sommes esmeus pour l’amour de nostre Dieu;” — “By which we are influenced out of love to our God.”
(798) “Et les faire perseuerer en saincte conionction auec luy;” — “And to lead them to persevere in holy connection with him.”
(799) “Quiconque est froid et lasche;” — “Whoever is cold and indolent.”
(800) “Paranymphos;” — “Friends of the bridegroom.” The reader will find the office and duties of paranymph detailed at considerable length by Dr. Adam Clarke, when commenting on Joh 3:29 — Ed.
(801) The rendering of Erasmus, as stated by Beza, (who, like Calvin, disapproves of it,) is “ut exhiberctis;” — “that ye may present.” — Ed.
3. But I fear He begins to explain, what is the nature of that virginity of which he has made mention — our cleaving to Christ alone, sincerely, with our whole heart. God, indeed, everywhere requires from us, that we be joined with him in body and in spirit, and he warns us that he is a jealous God, (Exo 20:5,) to avenge with the utmost severity the wrong done to him, in the event of any one’s drawing back from him. This connection, however, is accomplished in Christ, as Paul teaches in Ephesians, (Eph 5:25.) He points out, however, at present the means of it — when we remain in the pure simplicity of the gospel, for, as in contracting marriages among men, there are written contracts (802) drawn out, so the spiritual connection between us and the Son of God is confirmed by the gospel, as a kind of written contract. (803) Let us maintain the fidelity, love, and obedience, that have been there promised by us; he will be faithful to us on his part.
Now Paul says that he is concerned, that the minds of the Corinthians may not be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ Paul, it is true, says in Greek εἰς Χριστόν , which Erasmus renders towards Christ, (804) but the Old Interpreter has come nearer, in my opinion, to Paul’s intention, (805) because by the simplicity that is in Christ is meant, that which keeps us in the unadulterated and pure doctrine of the gospel, and admits of no foreign admixtures (806) By this he intimates that men’s minds are adulterated, (807) whenever they turn aside, even in the least degree, to the one side or to the other, from the pure doctrine of Christ. Nor is it without good reason, for who would not condemn a matron as guilty of unchastity, so soon as she lends an ear to a seducer? So in like manner we, when we admit wicked and false teachers, who are Satan’s vile agents, show but too clearly, that we do not maintain conjugal fidelity towards Christ. We must also take notice of the term simplicity, for Paul’s fear was not, lest the Corinthians should all at once openly draw back altogether from Christ, but lest, by turning aside, by little and little, from the simplicity which they had learned, so as to go after profane and foreign contrivances, they should at length become adulterated.
He brings forward a comparison as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty For if false teachers have a show of wisdom, if they have any power of eloquence for persuading, if they plausibly insinuate themselves into the minds of their hearers, and instill their poison by fawning artifices, it was in a similar way that Satan also beguiled Eve, as he did not openly declare himself to be an enemy, but crept in privily under a specious pretext.
(802) Tabuloe — Juvenal makes use of this term in the same sense: “Signatae tabuloe ; ” — “The marriage contract is signed.” — (Juv. 2 119.) See also Juv. 9:75. — Ed.
(803) “Est conferme et establi par l’Euangile, comme par vn instrument authentique;” — “Is confirmed and established by the gospel, as by an authentic instrument.”
(804) Beza, while, like Calvin, he views the expression εἰς τὸν Χριστόν, as meaning “in Christ,” makes mention of the rendering of Erasmus, adding a note of explanation, “Quoe erat erga Christum, nempe quia pure ac simpliciter illi obtemperabatis;” — “Which was towards Christ; that is, inasmuch as you obeyed him in purity and simplicity.” Cranmer (1539) renders as follows: “Euen so youre wyttes shuld be corrupte from the singlenes that ye had toward Christ. — Ed.
(805) The rendering of the Vulgate is the same as that adopted by Calvin, “A simplicitate quae est in Christo;” — “From the simplicity which is in Christ.” — Ed.
(806) “Corruptions et desguisemens venans d’ailleurs :” — “Corruptions and disguises springing from some other sources.”
(807) “S’abbastardissent, corrompent, et debauchent;” — “Are adulterated, corrupted, and debauched.”
4. For if he that cometh. He now reproves the Corinthians for the excessive readiness, which they showed to receive the false apostles. For while they were towards Paul himself excessively morose and irritable, (808) so that on any, even the least occasion, they were offended if he gave them even the slightest reproof, there was, on the other hand, nothing that they did not bear with, on the part of the false Apostles. They willingly endured their pride, haughtiness, and unreasonableness. An absurd reverence of this nature he condemns, because in the mean time they showed no discrimination or judgment. “How is it that they take (809) so much liberty with you, and you submit patiently to their control? Had they brought you another Christ, or another gospel, or another Spirit, different from what you received through my hands, I would assuredly approve of your regard for them, for they would be deserving of such honor. But as they have conferred upon you nothing, that I had not given you previously, what sort of gratitude do you show in all but adoring those, to whom you are indebted for nothing, while you despise me, through whom God has bestowed upon you so many and so distinguished benefits?” Such is the reverence that is shown even at this day by Papists towards their pretended Bishops. For while they are oppressed by their excessively harsh tyranny, (810) they submit to it without difficulty; but, at the same time, do not hesitate to treat Christ himself with contempt. (811)
The expressions — another Christ, and another gospel, are made use of here in a different sense from what they bear in Gal 1:8. For another is used there in opposition to what is true and genuine, and hence it means false and counterfeit. Here, on the other hand, he means to say — “If the gospel had come to you through their ministry, and not through mine.”
(808) “Trop chagrins, difficiles, mal-aises a contenter, et faciles a estre irritez;” — “Excessively fretful, hard to please, not easily satisfied, and very readily provoked.”
(809) “Entreprenent et vsurpent;” — “Assume and usurp.”
(810) “Leur dure et insupportable tyrannie;” — “Their harsh and intolerable tyranny.”
(811) “Mais de Christ, il ne leur en chaut, et ne font point de conscience de l’auoir en mespris;” — “But as for Christ, they do not care for him, and they make no scruple to hold him in contempt.”
5. For I reckon that I am. He now convicts them of ingratitude, by removing the only thing that could serve as an excuse for them, for he shows that he is on a level, even with the chief of the Apostles. The Corinthians, therefore, were ungrateful (812) in not esteeming him more highly, after having found him, by experience, to be such; while, on the other hand, the authority that was justly due to him, they transferred to persons of no value. For the sake of modesty, however, he says that he reckons so, while the thing was known and manifest to all. His meaning, however, is, that God had honored his Apostleship with no less distinguished marks of favor, than that of John or Peter. Now the man that despises the gifts of God, which he himself recognizes, cannot clear himself from the charge of being spiteful and ungrateful. Hence, wherever you see the gifts of God, you must there reverence God himself: (813) I mean, that every one is worthy of honor, in so far as he is distinguished by graces received from God, and especially if any advantage has redounded to thee from them.
(812) “Monstroyent bien en cela leur ingratitude;” — “Showed clearly in this their ingratitude.”
(813) “En quelque lieu que nous apperceuerons les dons de Dieu, il faut que la il soit honore de nous, et que nous luy portions reuerence;” — “Wherever we recognise the gifts of God, he must there be honored by us, and we must give him reverence.”
6. But though I am rude There was one thing (814) in which he might appear, at first view, to be inferior — that he was devoid of eloquence. This judgment, (815) therefore, he anticipates and corrects, while he acknowledges himself, indeed, to be rude and unpolished in speech, while at the same time he maintains that he has knowledge By speech here he means, elegance of expression; and by knowledge he means, the very substance of doctrine. For as man has both a soul and a body, so also in doctrine, there is the thing itself that is taught, and the ornament of expression with which it is clothed. Paul, therefore, maintains that he understands, what should be taught, and what is necessary to be known, though he is not an eloquent orator, so as to know how to set off his doctrine by a polished and eloquent manner of expression.
It is asked, however, whether elegance of speech (816) is not also necessary for Apostles; for how will they otherwise be prepared for teaching? Knowledge might perhaps suffice for others, but how could a teacher be dumb? I answer, that, while Paul acknowledges himself to be rude in speech, it is not as though he were a mere infant, but as meaning, that he was not distinguished by such splendid eloquence as others, to whom he yields the palm as to this, retaining for himself what was the principal thing — the reality itself, (817) while he leaves them talkativeness without gravity. If, however, any one should inquire, why it is that the Lord, who made men’s tongues, (Exo 4:11,) did not also endow so eminent an apostle with eloquence, that nothing might be wanting to him, I answer, that he was furnished with a sufficiency for supplying the want of eloquence. For we see and feel, what majesty there is in his writings, what elevation appears in them, what a weight of meaning is couched under them, what power is discovered in them. In fine, they are thunderbolts, not mere words. Does not the efficacy of the Spirit appear more clearly in a naked rusticity of words, (so to speak,) than under the disguise of elegance and ornament? Of this matter, however, we have treated more largely in the former Epistle. (818) In short, he admits, as far as words are concerned, what his adversaries allege by way of objection, while he denies in reality what they hold forth. Let us also learn, from his example, to prefer deeds to words, and, to use a barbarous but common proverb — “Teneant alii quid nominis, nos autem quid rei ;” — “Let others know something of the name, but let us know something of the reality. ” (819) If eloquence is superadded, let it be regarded by us as something over and above; and farther, let it not be made use of for disguising doctrine, or adulterating it, but for unfolding it in its genuine simplicity.
But everywhere. As there was something magnificent in placing himself on a level with the chief Apostles, that this may not be ascribed to arrogance, he makes the Corinthians judges, provided they judge from what they have themselves experienced; for they had known sufficiently well, from many proofs, that he did not boast needlessly, or without good reason. He means, therefore, that he needs not make use of words, inasmuch as reality and experience afford clear evidence of every thing that he was about to say (820)
(814) “Il n’y auoit que ceci seul;” — “There was only this one thing.”
(816) “La faculte de bien parler et auec grace;” — “The power of speaking well and gracefully.”
(817) “La substance de la chose;” — “The substance of the thing.”
(818) See Calvin on the Corinthians, vol. 1, pp. 75-77.
(819) “Et afin que i’vse d’vn prouerbe des Latins barbare, commun toutesfois — ‘Que les autres scachent les mots, mais que nous ayons bonne cognoissance de la chose;’” — “And to use a proverb of the Latins, barbarous, indeed, but common — ‘Let others know the words, but let us have a good acquaintance with the reality.’” Tymme, in his translation of Calvin on the Corinthians, (1573,) renders this proverb as follows: “Let other haue the shell, so we may haue the kernell.” — Ed.
(820) “Monstrent audoigttout ce qu’il en pourroit dire;” — “Show with the finger every thing that he might be prepared to say as to it.”
7. Have I committed an offense? His humility was cast up to him by way of reproach, while it was an excellence that was deserving of no ordinary commendation. Humility here means — voluntary abasement; for in conducting himself modestly, as if he had nothing in him that was particularly excellent, so that many looked upon him as one of the common people, he had done that for the advantage of the Corinthians. For the man was inflamed with so great a desire, (823) and so great an anxiety for their salvation, that he made a regard to himself a secondary consideration. Hence he says, that he had of his own accord made a surrender of his own greatness, that they might become great through his abasement. For his design was, that he might promote their salvation. He now indirectly charges them with ingratitude, in imputing to him as a fault so pious a disposition — not indeed for the purpose of reproaching him, but with the view of restoring them so much the better to a sound mind. And certainly, he wounded them more severely by speaking ironically, than if he had spoken in a simple way, and without a figure. He might have said, “What is this? Am I despised by you, because I have lowered myself for your advantage?” The questioning, however, which he makes use of, was more forcible for putting them to shame.
Because I preached freely This is a part of his abasement. For he had given up his own right, as though his condition had been inferior to that of others; but such was the unreasonableness of some of them, that they esteemed him the less on that account, as if he had been undeserving of remuneration. The reason, why he had given his services to the Corinthians gratuitously, is immediately subjoined — for he did not act in this manner everywhere, but, as we have seen in the former Epistle, (824) there was a danger of his furnishing the false Apostles with a handle against him.
(823) “Car ce sainct Apostre estoit tellement embrasse du desir.” — “For this holy Apostle was to such a degree inflamed with desire.”
(824) “See Calvin on the Corinthians, vol. 1, p. 288.
8. I robbed other churches He has intentionally, in my opinion, made use of an offensive term, that he might the more forcibly express the unreasonableness of the matter — in respect of his being despised by the Corinthians. “I have,” says he, “procured pay for myself from the spoils of others, that I might serve you. While I have thus spared you, how unreasonable it is to make me so poor a return!” It is, however, a metaphor, that is taken from what is customary among soldiers; for as conquerors take spoils from the nations that they have conquered, so every thing that Paul took from the Churches that he had gained to Christ was, in a manner, the spoils of his victories, though, at the same time, he never would have taken it from persons against their will, but what they contributed gratuitously was, in a manner, due by right of spiritual warfare. (825)
(825) “The word ἐσύλησα, rendered in our authorized version robbed, is derived from σύλη, spoils, and comes originally from the Hebrew verb שלל (shalal), which is frequently employed to denote spoiling, or making booty. (See Isa 10:6; Eze 29:19.) — “The word ἐσύλησα, ” says Barnes, “means properly, ‘I spoiled, plundered, robbed,’ but the idea of Paul here is, that he, as it were, robbed them, because he did not render an equivalent for what they gave him. They supported him, when he was labouring for another people. A conqueror who plunders a country gives no equivalent for what he takes. In this sense only could Paul say, that he had plundered the Church at Philippi. His general principle was, that ’the labourer was worthy of his hire;’ and that a man was to receive his support from the people for whom he labored, (See 1. o 9:7,) but this rule he had not observed in this case.” — Ed.
Observe, however, that he says that he had been in want, for he would never have been a burden to them, had he not been constrained by necessity. He, nevertheless, in the mean time, labored with his hands, as we have seen before, (1Co 4:12,) but, as the labor of his hands was not sufficient for sustaining life, something additional was contributed by the Macedonians. Accordingly he does not say, that his living had been furnished to him by the Macedonians, (826) but merely that they had supplied what was wanting. We have spoken elsewhere of the Apostle’s holy prudence and diligence in providing against dangers. Here we must take notice of the pious zeal of the Macedonians, who did not hesitate to contribute of their substance for his pay, that the gospel might be proclaimed to others, and those, too, that were wealthier than themselves. Ah! how few Macedonians are there in the present day, and on the other hand how many Corinthians you may find everywhere!
(826) “Il ne dit pas que les Macedoniens luy eussent donne tout ce qui luy estoit necessaire;” — “He does not say that the Macedonians had given him every thing that was necessary.”
10. The truth of Christ is in me. Lest any one should suspect, that Paul’s words were designed to induce the Corinthians to be more liberal to him in future, and endeavor to make amends for their error in the past, he affirms with an oath, that he would take nothing from them, or from others in Achaia, though it were offered to him. For this manner of expression — the truth of Christ is in me, is in the form of oath. Let me not be thought to have the truth of Christ in me if I do not retain this glorying among the inhabitants of Achaia. Now Corinth was in Achaia. (827)
(827) “See Calvin on the Corinthians, vol. 1, p. 37.
11. Is it because I love you not? Those that we love, we treat with greater familiarity. Lest the Corinthians, therefore, should take it amiss, that he refused their liberality, while he allowed himself to be assisted by the Macedonians, and even declared with an oath that he would do so still, he anticipates that suspicion also. And by the figure termed anthypophora, (828) he asks, as it were in their name, whether this is a token of a malevolent mind? He does not return a direct answer to the question, but the indirect answer that he returns has much more weight, inasmuch as he calls God to be a witness of his good disposition towards them. You see here, that in the course of three verses (829) there are two oaths, but they are lawful and holy, because they have a good design in view, and a legitimate reason is involved. Hence to condemn indiscriminately all oaths is to act the part of fanatics, who make no distinction between white and black. (830)
(828) “Pour repoudre & l’objection;” — “With the view of replying to the objection.” — See Calvin on the Corinthians, volume 1.
(829) “Ces trois lignes;” — “These three lines.”
(830) “An oath is to be used, when other means are deficient; and more particularly, we are then only to swear, when the honor of God is concerned, or Religion and Christianity is falsely accused; and these are public grounds. To which we may add the good of the Commonwealth: or we are to swear upon a particular occasion to clear ourselves from false accusations and crimes charged upon us, if otherwise our innocency cannot appear; or in the behalf of others, when they shall suffer either in name, life, or estate, and we are required thereunto by the Magistrate, that so justice may proceed.” — Burgesse on 2. o 1:0. — See Calvin’s Harmony, volume 1. — Ed.
12. But what I do. He again explains the reason of his intention. (831) The false Apostles, with the view of alluring to themselves ignorant persons, took no pay. Their serving gratuitously was a show of uncommon zeal. (832) If Paul had availed himself of his right, he would have given them occasion to raise their crest, as if they had been greatly superior to him. Paul, accordingly, that he might give them no occasion of doing injury, did himself, also, preach the Gospel, free of charge, and this is what he adds — that he is desirous to cut off occasion from those that desire occasion For the false Apostles were desirous to insinuate themselves by this artifice, and to detract, in proportion to this, from Paul’s credit, if they were superior to him in any respect. He says, that he will not give them this advantage. “They will be found,” says he, “on a level with us in that glorying which they would wish to have for themselves exclusively.” This, however, is a useful admonition in connection with cutting off occasion from the wicked, as often as they desire one. For this is the only way to overcome them — not in the way of furnishing them with arms through our imprudence. (833)
(831) “C’estoit vne fausse monstre de quelque zele excellent, de seruir sans rien prendre;” — “It was a false show of eminent zeal, to serve without taking any thing.”
(832) “De la resolution qu’il a prinse en cest endroit;” — “Of the resolution that he had taken as to this matter.”
(833) “Par nostre imprudence et inconsideration;” — “By our imprudence and inconsideration.”
13. For such are false Apostles While he has already taken away from them what they chiefly desired, yet, not contented with having put himself on a level with them with respect to that in which they were desirous to excel, he leaves them nothing for which they deserve any commendation. It was apparently a laudable thing to despise money, but he says, that they make use of a pretense for the purpose of deceiving, exactly as if a harlot were to borrow the apparel of a decent matron. For it was necessary to pull off the mask, which obscured the glory of God.
They are deceitful workers, says he, that is — they do not discover their wickedness at first view, but artfully insinuate themselves under some fair pretext. (834) Hence they require to be carefully and thoroughly sifted, lest we should receive persons as servants of Christ, as soon as any appearance of excellence is discovered. Nor does Paul in malice and envy put an unfavorable construction upon what might be looked upon as an excellence, but, constrained by their dishonesty, he unfolds to view the evil that lay hid, because there was a dangerous profanation of virtue in pretending to burn with greater zeal than all the servants of Christ.
(834) “S’insinuent finement sans qu’on y prene garde;” — “They artfully insinuate themselves, unless one be on his guard against them.”
14. And no marvel It is an argument from the greater to the less. “If Satan, who is the basest of all beings, nay, the head and chief of all wicked persons, transforms himself, what will his ministers do?” We have experience of both every day, for when Satan tempts us to evil, he does not profess to be what he really is. For he would lose his object, if we were made aware of his being a mortal enemy, and opposer of our salvation. Hence he always makes use of some cloak for the purpose of insnaring us, and does not immediately show his horns, (as the common expression is,) but rather makes it his endeavor to appear as anangel Even when he tempts us to gross crimes, he makes use, nevertheless, of some pretext that he may draw us, when we are off our guard, into his nets. What then, if he attacks us under the appearance of good, nay, under the very title of God? His life-guards imitate, as I have said, the same artifice. These are golden preambles — “Vicar of Christ” — “Successor of Peter” — “Servant of God’s servants,” but let the masks be pulled off, and who and what will the Pope be discovered to be? Scarcely will Satan himself, his master, surpass so accomplished a scholar in any kind of abomination. It is a well known saying as to Babylon, that she gives poison to drink in a golden cup. (Jer 51:7.) Hence we must be on our guard against masks.
Should any one now ask, “Shall we then regard all with suspicion?” I answer, that the Apostle did not by any means intend this; for there are marks of discrimination, which it were the part of stupidity, not of prudence, to overlook. He was simply desirous to arouse our attention, that we may not straightway judge of the lion from the skin (835) For if we are not hasty in forming a judgment, the Lord will order it so that the ears of the animal will be discovered ere long. Farther, he was desirous in like manner to admonish us, in forming an estimate of Christ’s servants, not to regard masks, but to seek after what is of more importance. Ministers of righteousness is a Hebraism for faithful and upright persons. (836)
(835) “Comme porte le prouerbe des Latins;” — “As the proverb in use among the Latins runs.”
(836) Beza takes the same view of this expression: “Nec enim illi dicuntur sese transfigurare in Satanam, sed in ministros propos et integros, quibus opponuntur δόλιοι . Hoc enim declarat epitheton justitiae ex Hebraeorum idiotismo;” — “For they are not said to transform themselves into Satan, but into ministers, who are honest and upright, as contrasted with those who are (δόλιοι) deceitful. For this is the import of the epithet, of righteousness, according to the Hebrew idiom.” Another instance of the same Hebrew idiom is noticed by Calvin in p. 196. — Ed.
15. Whose end shall be. He adds this for the consolation of the pious. For it is the statement of a courageous man, who despises the foolish judgments of men, and patiently waits for the day of the Lord. In the mean time, he shows a singular boldness of conscience, which does not dread the judgment of God.
16. I say again The Apostle has a twofold design. He has it partly in view to expose the disgusting vanity of the false Apostles, inasmuch as they were such extravagant trumpeters of their own praises; and farther, to expostulate with the Corinthians, because they shut him up to the necessity of glorying, contrary to the inclinations of his own mind. “I say again,” says he. For he had abundantly shown previously, that there was no reason, why he should be despised. He had also shown at the same time, that he was very unlike others, and therefore ought not to have his grounds of glorying estimated according to the rule of their measure. Thus he again shows, for what purpose he had hitherto gloried — that he might clear his apostleship from contempt; for if the Corinthians had done their duty, he would not have said one word as to this matter.
Otherwise now as a fool “If I am reckoned by you a fool, allow me at least to make use of my right and liberty — that is, to speak foolishly after the manner of fools.” Thus he reproves the false Apostles, who, while they were exceedingly silly in this respect,were not merely borne with by the Corinthians, but were received with great applause. He afterwards explains what kind of folly it is — the publishing of his own praises. While they did so without end and without measure, he intimates that it was a thing to which he was unaccustomed; for he says, for a little while For I take this clause as referring to time, so that the meaning is, that Paul did not wish to continue it long, but assumed, as it were, for the moment, the person of another, and immediately thereafter laid it aside, as we are accustomed to pass over lightly those things that are foreign to our object, while fools occupy themselves constantly (ἐν παρέργοις) (837) in matters of inferior moment.
(837) The term παρέργον denotes — a matter of mere secondary importance. Thus Thucydides (6:58) says, ὁς οὐκ ἐκ παρέργου τὸν πόλεμον ἐποιεῖτο — who did not make the war a secondary consideration. — Ed.
17. What I speak, I speak not after the Lord His disposition, it is true, had an eye to God, but the outward appearance (838) might seem unsuitable to a servant of the Lord. At the same time, the things that Paul confesses respecting himself, he, on the other hand, condemns in the false Apostles. (839) For it was not his intention to praise himself, but simply to contrast himself with them, with the view of humbling them. (840) Hence he transfers to his own person what belonged to them, that he may thus open the eyes of the Corinthians. What I have rendered boldness, is in the Greek ὑπόστασις , as to the meaning of which term we have spoken in the ninth chapter. (2. o 9:4.) Subject-matter (841) or substance, unquestionably, would not be at all suitable here. (842)
(838) “La facon exterieure en laquelle il procede;” — “The outward manner in which he goes to work.”
(839) “C’est plustos afin de lea condemner es faux-Apostres;” — “It is rather with the view of condemning them in the false Apostles.”
(840) “Afin de leur abbaisser le coquet :” — “With the view of bringing down their talk.”
(841) Calvin refers here to the rendering of Erasmus, and of the Vulgate. The term employed by Erasmus is argumenturm (subject-matter.) In accordance with this, Cranmer’s version (1539) reads, “in this matter of boastinge.” The Vulgate makes use of the term substantia , (substance.) Wiclif (1380) reads, “in this substance of glorie” The Rheims version (1582), “in this substance of glorying.” — Ed.
(842) “Certes il ne conueniendroit pas bien yci de traduire matiere ou substance, combien que le mot signifie quelque fois cela;” — “Certainly it would not be suitable here to render it subject-matter or substance, though the word sometimes bears that meaning.”
18. Since many glory. The meaning is — Should any one say to me, by way of objection, that what I do is faulty, what then as to others? Are not they my leaders? Am I alone, or am I the first, in glorying according to the flesh? Why should that be reckoned praiseworthy in them, that is imputed to me as a fault?” So far then is Paul from ambition in recounting his own praises, that he is contented to be blamed on that account, provided he exposes the vanity of the false apostles.
To glory after the flesh, is to boast one’s self, rather in what has a tendency towards show, than in a good conscience. For the term flesh, here, has a reference to the world — when we seek after praise from outward masks, which have a showy appearance before the world, and are regarded as excellent. In place of this term he had a little before made use of the expression — in appearance. (2. o 10:7.)
19. For ye bear with fools willingly. He calls them wise — in my opinion, ironically. He was despised by them, which could not have been, had they not been puffed up with the greatest arrogance (843) He says, therefore — “Since you are so wise, act the part of wise men in bearing with me, whom you treat with contempt, as you would a fool.” Hence I infer, that this discourse is not addressed to all indiscriminately, but some particular persons are reproved, who conducted themselves in an unkind manner. (844)
(843) “D’vne merueilleuse arrogance;” — “With an amazing arrogance.”
(844) “Enuers luy;” — “Towards him.”
20. For ye bear with it, if any one. There are three ways in which this may be understood. He may be understood as reproving the Corinthians in irony, because they could not endure any thing, as is usually the case with effeminate persons; or he charges them with indolence, because they had given themselves up to the false Apostles in a disgraceful bondage; or he repeats, as it were, in the person of another, what was spitefully affirmed respecting himself, (845) as if he claimed for himself a tyrannical authority over them. The second meaning is approved by Chrysostom, Ambrose, and Augustine, and hence it is commonly received; and, indeed, it corresponds best with the context, although the third is not less in accordance with my views. For we see, how he was calumniated from time to time by the malevolent, as if he domineered tyrannically, while he was very far from doing so. As, however, the other meaning is more generally received, I have no objection, that it should be held as the true one.
Now this statement will correspond with the preceding one in this way: “You bear with every thing from others, if they oppress you, if they demand what belongs to you, if they treat you disdainfully. Why then will you not bear with me, as they are in no respect superior to me?” For as to his saying that he is not weak, he means that he had been endowed by God with such excellent graces, that he ought not to be looked upon as of the common order. For the word weak has a more extensive signification, as we shall see again ere long.
It has been the invariable custom, and will be so to the end, to resist contumaciously (846) the servants of God, to get enraged on the least occasion, (847) to grumble and murmur incessantly, to complain of even a moderate strictness, (848) to hold all discipline in abhorrence; while, on the other hand, they put themselves under servile subjection to false apostles, impostors, or mere worthless pretenders, give them liberty to do any thing whatever, and patiently submit to and endure, whatever burden they may choose to impose upon them. Thus, at the present day, you will scarcely find one in thirty, who will put his neck willingly under Christ’s yoke, while all have endured with patience a tyranny so severe as that of the Pope. Those very persons are all at once in an uproar, (849) in opposition to the fatherly and truly salutary reproofs of their pastors, who, on the other hand, had formerly swallowed down quietly every kind of insult, even the most atrocious, from the monks. (850) Are not those worthy of Antichrist’s torturing rack, rather than of Christ’s mild sway, who have ears so tender and backward to listen to the truth? But thus it has been from the beginning.
(845) “Ce que malicieusement on disoit de luy pour le rendre odieux;” — “What they said of him maliciously, with the view of making him odious.”
(846) “De resister et contredire opiniastrement;” — “To resist and contradict obstinately.”
(847) “Se corroucer aigrement contr’ eux a la moindre occasion;” — “To be fiercely enraged against them on the least occasion.”
(848) “Se plaindre de leur seuerite, en disant qu’elle est excessiue;” — “To complain of their strictness, by saying that it is excessive.”
(849) “Ils tempestent et grincent les dents;” — “They storm and gnash their teeth.”
(850) “Toutes sortes d injures et outrages horribles que les moines leur faisoyent;” — “All sorts of horrible injuries and insults that the monks could inflict upon them.”
21. Nay, in whatsoever. Paul had asked, why the Corinthians showed more respect to others than to him, while he had not been by any means weak, that is, contemptible. He now confirms this, because, if a comparison had been entered upon, he would not have been inferior to any one in any department of honor.
22. He now, by enumerating particular instances, lets them see more distinctly, that he would not by any means be found inferior, if matters came to a contest. And in the first place, he makes mention of the glory of his descent, of which his rivals chiefly vaunted. “If,” says he, “they boast of illustrious descent, I shall be on a level with them, for I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham.” This is a silly and empty boast, and yet Paul makes use of three terms to express it; nay more, he specifies, as it were, three different marks of excellence. By this repetition, in my opinion, he indirectly reproves their folly, inasmuch as they placed the sum-total (852) of their excellence in a thing that was so trivial, (853) and this boasting was incessantly in their mouth, so as to be absolutely disgusting, as vain men are accustomed to pour forth empty bravadoes as to a mere nothing.
As to the term Hebrews, it appears from Gen 11:15, that it denotes descent, and is derived from Heber; and farther, it is probable, that Abraham himself is so called in Gen 14:13, in no other sense than this — that he was descended from that ancestor. (854) Not altogether without some appearance of truth is the conjecture of those, who explain the term to mean those dwelling beyond the river. (855) We do not read, it is true, that any one was called so before Abraham, who had passed over the river, when he quitted his native country, and afterwards the appellation came to be a customary one among his posterity, as appears from the history of Joseph. The termination, however, shows that it is expressive of descent, and the passage, that I have quoted, abundantly confirms it. (856)
(852) “Proram et puppim;” — “The prow and stern.”
(853) “Vne chose si vaine, et de si petite consequence;” — “A thing so empty, and of so small importance.”
(854) “Qu’il estoit descendu d’Heber de pere en fils;” — “That he was descended from Heber, from father to son.”
(855) “Vray est que la coniecture de ceux qui disent qu’ils sont ainsi appelez comme habitants outre la riuiere, n’est pas du tout sans eouleur;” — “It is true, that the conjecture of those who say that they are so called, as dwelling beyond the river, is not without some appearance of truth.”
(856) “The word Hebrew signified properly one who was from beyond, (עכרי from עכר to pass, to pass over,) hence applied to Abraham, because he had come from a foreign land; and the word denoted properly a foreigner — a man from the land or country beyond (עכר) the Euphrates. The name Israelite denoted properly one descended from Israel or Jacob, and the difference between them was, that the name Israelite, being a patronymic derived from one of the founders of their nation, was in use among themselves; the name Hebrew was applied by the Canaanite to them, as having come from beyond the river, and was the current name among foreign tribes and nations.” — Barnes. — Ed.
23. Are they ministers of Christ? Now when he is treating of matters truly praiseworthy, he is no longer satisfied with being on an equality with them, but exalts himself above them. For their carnal glories he has previously been scattering like smoke by a breath of wind, (857) by placing in opposition to them those which he had of a similar kind; but as they had nothing of solid worth, he on good grounds separates himself from their society, when he has occasion to glory in good earnest. For to be a servant of Christ is a thing that is much more honorable and illustrious, than to be the first-born among all the first-born of Abraham’s posterity. Again, however, with the view of providing against calumnies, he premises that he speaks as a fool “Imagine this,” says he, “to be foolish boasting: it is, nevertheless, true.”
In labors. By these things he proves that he is a more eminent servant of Christ, and then truly we have a proof that may be relied upon, when deeds instead of words are brought forward. He uses the term labors here in the plural number, and afterwards labor What difference there is between the former and the latter I do not see, unless perhaps it be, that he speaks here in a more general way, including those things that he afterwards enumerates in detail. In the same way we may also understand the term deaths to mean any kind of perils that in a manner threatened present death, instances of which he afterwards specifies. “I have given proof of myself in deaths often, in labors oftener still.” He had made use of the term deaths in the same sense in the first chapter. (2. o 1:10.)
(857) “Car quant a leurs gloires charnelles, qui n’estoyent que choses vaines, iusques yci il les a fait esuanoir comme en soufflant dessus.” — “For as to theft carnal glories, which were but vain things, he has hitherto made them vanish by, as it were, blowing upon them.”
24. From the Jews. It is certain that the Jews had at that time been deprived of jurisdiction, but as this was a kind of moderate punishment (as they termed it) it is probable that it was allowed them. Now the law of God was to this effect, that those who did not deserve capital punishment should be beaten in the presence of a judge, (Deu 25:2,) provided not more than forty stripes were inflicted, lest the body should be disfigured or mutilated by cruelty. Now it is probable, that in process of time it became customary to stop at the thirty-ninth lash, (858) lest perhaps they should on any occasion, from undue warmth, exceed the number prescribed by God. Many such precautions, (859) prescribed by the Rabbins, (860) are to be found among the Jews, which make some restriction upon the permission that the Lord had given. Hence, perhaps, in process of time, (as things generally deteriorate,) they came to think, that all criminals should be beaten with stripes to that number, though the Lord did not prescribe, how far severity should go, but where it was to stop; unless perhaps you prefer to receive what is stated by others, that they exercised greater cruelty upon Paul. This is not at all improbable, for if they had been accustomed ordinarily to practice this severity upon all, he might have said that he was beaten according to custom. Hence the statement of the number is expressive of extreme severity.
(858) The custom of excepting one stripe from the forty is made mention of by Josephus: πληγὰς μίας λειπούσης τεσσαράκοντα, “forty stripes save one.” (Joseph. Antiq. lib. 4. cap. 8. sect. 21.) It is noticed by Wolfius, that the Jews in modern times make use of the same number of stripes — thirty-nine — in punishing offenders, there being evidence of this from what is stated by Uriel Acosta, who, in his Life, subjoined by Limborch to his Conversation with a learned Jew, declares that he had in punishment of his departure from the Jews, received stripes up to that number. — Ed.
(859) “Plusieurs semblables pouruoyances et remedes inuentez par los Rabbins :” — “Many similar provisions and remedies, invented by the Rabbins.”
(860) “The Mishna gives this as a rule, (MISH. Maccoth. fol. 22:10,) ‘How often shall he, the culprit, be smitten? Ans. אלכעין חסר אחד, forty stripes, wanting one, i.e., with the number which is nighest to forty.’ They also thought it right to stop under forty, lest the person who counted should make a mistake, and the criminal get more than forty stripes, which would be injustice, as the law required only forty. ” — Dr. A. Clarke. “As the whip was formed of three cords, and every stroke was allowed to count for three stripes, the number of strokes never exceeded thirteen, which made thirty-nine stripes.” — Bloomfield. — Ed.
25. Thrice was I beaten with rods Hence it appears, that the Apostle suffered many things, of which no mention is made by Luke; for he makes mention of only one stoning, (861) one scourging, and one shipwreck. We have not, however, a complete narrative, nor is there mention made in it of every particular that occurred, but only of the principal things.
(861) “Once was I stoned.” Paley remarks in his “Horae Paulinae,” that this clause, “when confronted with the history,” (contained in the Acts of the Apostles,) “furnishes the nearest approach to a contradiction, without a contradiction being actually incurred, of any that he remembers to have met with.” While the narrative contained in the Acts of the Apostles gives an account of only one instance in which Paul was actually stoned, (Act 14:19,) there was, previously to that, “an assault” made upon Paul and Barnabas at Iconium, “both of the Gentiles, and also of the Jews, with their rulers, to use them despitefully, and to stone them, but they were ware of it, and fled unto Lystra and Derbe.” (Act 14:5.) “Now had the ‘assault,’” says Paley, “been completed; had the history related that a stone was thrown, as it relates that preparations were made both by Jews and Gentiles to stone Paul and his companions; or even had the account of this transaction stopped, without going on to inform us that Paul and his companions were aware of their danger and fled, a contradiction between the history and the Apostle would have ensued. Truth is necessarily consistent; but it is scarcely possible that independent accounts, not having truth to guide them, should thus advance to the very brink of contradiction without falling into it. ” — Ed.
By perils from the nation he means those that befell him from his own nation, in consequence of the hatred, that was kindled against him among all the Jews. On the other hand, he had the Gentiles as his adversaries; and in the third place snares were laid for him by false brethren. Thus it happened, that
for Christ’s name’s sake he was hated by all.
(Mat 10:22.)
By fastings I understand those that are voluntary, as he has spoken previously of hunger and want. Such were the tokens by which he showed himself, and on good grounds, to be an eminent servant of Christ. For how may we better distinguish Christ’s servants than by proofs so numerous, so various, and so important? On the other hand, while those effeminate boasters (862) had done nothing for Christ, and had suffered nothing for him, they, nevertheless, impudently vaunted.
It is asked, however, whether any one can be a servant of Christ, that has not been tried with so many evils, perils, and vexations? I answer, that all these things are not indispensably requisite on the part of all; (863) but where these things are seen, there is, undoubtedly, a greater and more illustrious testimony afforded. That man, therefore, who will be signalized by so many marks of distinction, will not despise those that are less illustrious, and less thoroughly tried, nor will he on that account be elated with pride; but still, whenever there is occasion for it, he will be prepared, after Paul’s example, to exult with a holy triumph, in opposition to pretenders (864) and worthless persons, provided he has an eye to Christ, not to himself — for nothing but pride or ambition could corrupt and tarnish all these praises. For the main thing is — that we serve Christ with a pure conscience. All other things are, as it were, additional.
(862) “Thrasones.” — See Calvin on the Corinthians, vol. 1, p. 98, n. 1.
(863) “Il n’est pas necessairement requis que tous vniversellement endurent toutes telles fascheries;” — “It is not indispensably requisite that all universally endure all such vexations.”
(864) “Des mercenaires;”. — “Hirelings.”
28. Besides those things that are without “Besides those things, ” says he, “which come upon me from all sides, and are as it were extraordinary, what estimate must be formed of that ordinary burden that constantly presses upon me — the care that I have of all the Churches.” The care of all the Churches he appropriately calls his ordinary burden. For I have taken the liberty of rendering ἐπισύστασιν in this way, as it sometimes means — whatever presses upon us. (865)
Whoever is concerned in good earnest as to the Church of God, stirs up himself and bears a heavy burden, which presses upon his shoulders. What a picture we have here of a complete minister, embracing in his anxieties and aims not one Church merely, or ten, or thirty, but all of them together, so that he instructs some, confirms others, exhorts others, gives counsel to some, and applies a remedy to the diseases of others! Now from Paul’s words we may infer, that no one can have a heartfelt concern for the Churches, without being harassed with many difficulties; for the government of the Church is no pleasant occupation, in which we may exercise ourselves agreeably and with delight of heart, (866) but a hard and severe warfare, as has been previously mentioned, (2. o 10:4,) — Satan from time to time giving us as much trouble as he can, and leaving no stone unturned to annoy us.
(865) The word (ἐπισύστασις) is translated or rather paraphrased by Beza as follows: “Agmen illud in me consurgens;” — “That troop which rises up together against me.” He adds by way of explanation: “Certum est enim ἐπισύστασιν dici multitudinem quae adversus aliquem coierit, idque non semel, sed repetitis vicibus. Quia igitur multiplices erant curae, quarum tanquam agmine magis ac magis veluti obruebatur, Apostolus usus est translatitie hoc vocabulo, admodum significanter;” — “For it is certain that ἐπισύστασιν denotes a multitude that has come together against any one, and that not once merely, but in repeated instances. As, therefore, there were manifold cares, by which rushing upon him like a troop, more and more, he was in a manner overwhelmed, the Apostle, by way of metaphor, made use of this term very significantly.” Raphelius considers the term to be synonymous with an expression made use of by Cicero: “concursus occupationum;” — “a crowding together of engagements.” — (Cic. Fam. 7:33.) — Ed.
(866) “Car le gouernement de l’Eglise n’est pas vne occupation ioyeuse pour nous exercer tout doucement, et par manicrc de passe-temps et exercice gracieux pour recreer nos esprits;” — “For the government of the Church is not a pleasant occupation for exercising ourselves quite agreeably, and by way of pass-time, and an agreeable exercise for refreshing our minds.”
29. Who is weak. How many there are that allow all offenses to pass by unheeded — who either despise the infirmities of brethren, or trample them under foot! This, however, arises from their having no concern for the Church. For concern, undoubtedly, produces συμπάθειαν (sympathy,) (867) which leads the Minister of Christ to participate in the feelings of all, (868) and put himself in the place of all, that he may suit himself to all.
(867) See Calvin’s Harmony, vol. 2, p. 232.
(868) “Prend en soy les afflictions de tous;” — “Take upon himself the afflictions of all.”
30. If he must glory. Here we have the conclusion, drawn from all that has gone before — that Paul is more inclined to boast of those things that are connected with his infirmity, that is, those things which might, in the view of the world, bring him contempt, rather than glory, as, for example, hunger, thirst, imprisonments, stonings, stripes, and the like — those things, in truth, that we are usually as much ashamed of, as of things that incur great dishonor. (869)
(869) “De toutes lesquelles nous n’avons point de honte coustumierement, que si nous estions vileinement diffamez;” — “Of all which we feel ordinarily as much ashamed, as if we had been shockingly defamed.”
31. The God and Father As he was about to relate a singular feat, (870) which, at the same time, was not well known, he confirms it by making use of an oath. Observe, however, what is the form of a pious oath, (871) — when, for the purpose of declaring the truth, we reverently call God as our witness. Now this persecution was, as it were, Paul’s first apprenticeship, (872) as appears from Luke, (Act 9:23); but if, while yet a raw recruit, he was exercised in such beginnings, what shall we think of him, when a veteran soldier? As, however, flight gives no evidence of a valiant spirit, it may be asked, why it is that he makes mention of his flight? I answer, that the gates of the royal city having been closed, clearly showed with what rage the wicked were inflamed against him; and it was on no light grounds that they had been led to entertain such a feeling, (873) for if Paul had not fought for Christ with a new and unusual activity, the wicked would never have been thrown into such a commotion. His singular perseverance, however, shone forth chiefly in this — that, after escaping from so severe a persecution, he did not cease to stir up the whole world against him, by prosecuting fearlessly the Lord’s work.
It may be, however, that he proceeds to mock those ambitious men, who, while they had never had experience of any thing but applauses, favors, honorable salutations, and agreeable lodgings, wished to be held in the highest esteem. For, in opposition to this, he relates, that he was shut in, so that he could with difficulty save his life by a miserable and ignominious flight.
Some, however, ask, whether it was lawful for Paul to leap over the walls, inasmuch as it was a capital crime to do so? I answer, in the first place, that it is not certain, whether that punishment was sanctioned by law in the East; and farther, that even if it was so, Paul, nevertheless, was guilty of no crime, because he did not do this as an enemy, or for sport, but from necessity. For the law would not punish a man, that would throw himself down from the walls to save his life from the flames; and what difference is there between a fire, and a fierce attack from robbers? We must always, in connection with laws, have an eye to reason and equity. (874) This consideration will exempt Paul entirely from blame.
(870) “Vn acte singulier de vray champion de guerre;” — “A singular feat of a true champion of war.”
(871) “De iurement sainete et lieitc;” — “Of a holy and lawful oath.”
(872) Calvin, when commenting on the passage referred to, (Act 9:23,) makes use of a similar expression: “Hoc tiroeinio ad erueem ferendam mature assuefaetus fuit;” — “By this apprenticeship he was early inured to the endurance of the cross.” — Ed.
(873) “Et qu’ils n’auoyent point conceu telle fureur pour vne chose leger et de petite consequence;” — “And that they had not conceived such a rage for a slight matter, and one of small consequence.”
(874) Calvin seems to have here in his eye a passage expressly alluded to by him, when commenting on Act 9:23, from the writings of Cicero, to the following effect: “Etiamsi peregrinum lex arceat a muri accessu, minime tamen peccat, qui murum conscendit servandae urbis causa, quia leges semper ad aequitatem flectendae sunt;” — “Although the law forbids a foreigner to approach the wall, no offense is committed by the man, who scales the wall with a view to the defense of the city; for the laws must always be made to bend towards equity.” — Ed.
2Co 11:1. Would to God ye could bear- Would you could bear. St. Paul modestly calls his speaking in his own defence folly. From this verse to the 6th he shews, that the pretended Apostle, bringing to them no other Saviour or gospel, was not to be preferred before him. See ch. 2Co 5:12-13.
2Co 11:2. That I may present you as a chaste virgin- This is greatly illustrated by recollecting, that there was an officer among the Greeks, whose business it was to educate and form young women, especially those of rank and figure, designed for marriage; and then to present them to those who were to be their husbands: and if this officer permitted them, though negligence, to be corrupted before the marriage was completed, great blame would naturally fall upon him.
2Co 11:3. Lest by any means, &c.- Or, Lest by some means or other, &c. As the success of the serpent against Eve lay in false pretences and insinuations, so the success of the false apostles was owing to deceitful pretensions and insinuations likewise. The simplicity that is in, or rather towards Christ, answers to one husband in the preceding verse; for ενι, one, is not used there without meaning, but plainly implies thus much: "I have formed and fitted you for one person alone, one husband, who is Christ: I am greatly concerned that you may not be drawn aside from that submission, that obedience, that temper of mind, which is due to him; for I hope to put you into his hands, possessed with pure virgin thoughts, wholly fixed on him, not divided, nor roving after any other, that he may take you to wife, and marry you to himself for ever." It is plain that their perverter, who opposed St. Paul, was a Jew, as we have seen. Of all who professed Christianity, the Jews were they who gave St. Paul most trouble and opposition; for they, having set their hearts upon their own religion, endeavoured to blend Judaism and Christianity together. We may suppose the case here to be much the same with that which he more fully expresses in the Epistle to the Galatians, particularly ch. 2Co 1:6-12 ch. 2Co 4:9-18 and 2Co 5:1-13. The meaning of the place before us seems to be this: "I have taught you the Gospel alone, in its pure and unmixed simplicity, by which only you can be united to Christ; but I fear lest this your new apostle should draw you from it, and that your minds should not adhere singly and simply to what I have taught, but should be corrupted by a mixture of Judaism."
2Co 11:4. Ye might well bear, &c.- You would kindly, &c.
2Co 11:6. Rude in speech,- The word ιδιωτης, rendered rude, frequently signifies a private man; one who can speak no better than the generality of his neighbours, being unformed by the rules of eloquence. But whether this sense be applicable to St. Paul, let those judge, who are able to compare his stile with the best Classic writers among the Greeks: let them likewise judge, who are warmed with the pathos and sublimity of his sentiments. To say that this could be his meaning, would, on such a comparison, appear highly absurd; but to apply it to a natural impediment in his speech, is consistent both with the pathos, the sublimity, and correctness of his stile; and is the only sense, I believe, in which it can be understood with the least degree of propriety.
2Co 11:7. Have I committed an offence- The adverse party made it an argument against St. Paul that he was no apostle, since he took nothing among the Corinthians for his maintenance, 1Co 9:1-3. Another objection raised against him on this account was, that he loved them not, 2Co 11:11. This he answers here by giving another reason for so doing. A third allegation was, that it was only a crafty trick in him to catch them, ch. 2Co 12:16 which he answers there.
2Co 11:8. I robbed other churches,- "I may almost, in this sense, be said to have robbed other churches; so freely have I received from them, at least taking wages as it were of them, for waiting upon you; for indeed I received a kind of stipend from them while I abode at Corinth." The word εσυλησα, rendered robbed, properly signifies, I took the spoils: it is a military term, as is the next also οψωνιον, wages, or rather pay.
2Co 11:9. I was chargeable to no man:- Beza would render it, I was not idle at another man's expence. The word ναρκη, (whence the original κατεναρκησα,) implies a benumbed inactive state, to which no man seems to have been less obnoxious than St. Paul.
2Co 11:12. That I will do,- Rather, and will do; so the words stand in the Greek, and do not refer to 2Co 11:10 as a profession of St. Paul's resolution to take nothing from them; but to 2Co 11:11 to which they are joined, shewing that his refusing any reward from them was not out of unkindness, but for another reason;-"What I do, and will do, is, that I may cut off all occasion, &c." The Jews had a maxim among them: "That it was better for their wise men to skin dead beasts for a living, than to ask a maintenance from the generosity of those whom they taught:" But it plainly appears, that whatever the false apostles might boast on this head, there was no foundation for it. Comp. 2Co 11:20. 1Co 9:12.
2Co 11:13. For such are false apostles,- They had questioned St. Paul's apostleship, 1 Corinthians 9 because of his not taking a maintenance from the Corinthians. He here directly, and without reserve, declares them to be no true apostles.
2Co 11:16. I say again let no man think, &c.- St Paul goes on in his justification, reflecting upon the carriage of the false apostle towards the Corinthians, 2Co 11:16-21. He compares himself with the false apostle in what he boasts of, as beinga Hebrew, 2Co 11:21-22 or, minister of Christ, 2Co 11:23 and then enlarges upon his labours and sufferings.
2Co 11:17. That which I speak, &c.- "I do not speak according to any express command, which Christ delivered in his personal ministry (see 1Co 7:10.): no; I own that he condemned seeking honour one of another, Joh 5:44 which is certainly very criminal, when self-applause is aimed at: but the huge boastings of my enemies, with a design of imposing upon, and perverting you; and their mean insinuations to disparage my apostleship and the pure Gospel of Christ, and so to prevent my usefulness in preaching it, force me to speak with an air of weakness and folly, in this ostentatious appearance of setting forth things which relate to my office."
2Co 11:20. If a man bring you into bondage, &c.- This is spoken ironically, to express their bearing with the insolence and covetousness of their false apostle. The bondage here meant was subjection to the will of the false apostle, as appears from the following particulars of this verse,-and not subjection to the Jewish rites; for, had that been the case, St. Paul was so zealous against it, that he would have spoken more plainly and warmly, as we see in his Epistle to the Galatians; and not have touched it thus only by the bye, in a doubtful expression. Besides, it is plain that no such thing was yet attempted openly, only St. Paul was afraid of it. See 2Co 11:3. The meaning of the whole verse is, "You bear with it, if a man bring you into bondage; that is, domineer over you, and use you like his bondmen and slaves: If he make a prey of you, and almost devour you by exorbitant demands; if he make a gain of you, that is, extort presents from you, or entice you to make them; if he exalt himself in the spirit of pride and ambition; if he smite you on the face, that is, if he treat you inthemostcontumelious,disgraceful,anddebasingmanner."Some would render this and the preceding verse (and I think with more force) as follows; 2Co 11:19. Wise as you are, ye bear with fools gladly, 2Co 11:20. But, do you bear it, if any man bring you into bondage? If, &c.?
2Co 11:21. I speak as concerning reproach,- Do I speak this by way of dishonour, as if we ourselves were weak? Surely, in whatsoever any one else may be confident, (I speak it in folly) I also am confident. Doddridge. Heylin renders the verse thus: I speak of disgraces which touch me, as if I had suffered them myself; but in whatsoever any of them dare to boast, (I speak foolishly) I dare the same.
2Co 11:22. Are they Hebrews?- Mr. Locke observes, that though the Apostle makes use of the plural number they, it is his opinion that he means but one person; as after, when he says we, he means only himself, using the plural number out of delicacy. "Are they Hebrews by language? says the Apostle, capable of consulting the scriptures in the original, with all the advantage which a familiar acquaintance with that tongue from their childhood can give them?-So Amos 1 : Are they Israelites by birth?-Not descended from Esau, or any other branch of the family, but that on which the blessing was entailed?-So Amos 1. Are they of the seed of Abraham, both by the father's and mother's side, not proselytes, or of mingled descent?-So am I; and can trace up as fair and clear a genealogy through the tribe of Benjamin, to the father of the faithful." See Act 6:1.
2Co 11:23. I am more:- Or, I am more so. In stripes above measure, should rather be read, in stripes far exceeding; for these words, as the other particulars of this verse, should be taken comparatively, with reference to the false apostle; with whom St. Paul is comparing himself in the ministry of the Gospel. Unless this be so understood, there will seem to be a disagreeable tautology in the following verses; which, taking these words in a comparative sense, are proofs of his saying, In stripes I am exceedingly beyond him; for, of the Jews five times, &c. See on Deu 25:3.
2Co 11:25. Thrice was I beaten with rods, &c.- See Mat 27:26. Mar 15:15. Joh 19:1. The wreck at Malta happened long after this time; so that it must have been the fourth shipwreck that St. Paul suffered. Had the inhabitants of that island been informed of this circumstance, they would have been confirmed in their suspicions of his being a very bad man; but this remarkably shews us, that a series of what the world calls misfortunesfrom the hand of Providence, may befal the best and worthiest of mankind. The word Νυχθημερον, rendered a day and a night, signifies "a natural day, including the hours of light and darkness." St. Paul was, during such a natural day, in the deep; probably floating on the remainders of the wreck, and just on the point of being washed away and sunk every moment. As Βυθος, the word here used, and rendered the deep, was the name of a deep dungeon at Cyzicum, in the Propontis, Dr. Hammond conjectures that St. Paul was cast into it, as he passed from Troas to that city: but the interpretation above given seems to be more easy and natural.
2Co 11:26. In perils of waters,- Or, of rivers: the word should certainly be so rendered, to contradistinguish these hazards, from those which he underwent by sea. In the city, means not only in Jerusalem, but in other cities, in opposition to perils in the wilderness. The Apostle possibly mentions false brethren last, as apprehending peculiar danger from their efforts among the Corinthians.
2Co 11:27. In weariness and painfulness,- The latter of the words here used, Μοχθος, is more expressive than the former, Κοπος: it signifies not only strenuous labour, but such as proceeds to a degree of great fatigue. What an idea does this verse give us of the Apostle's fidelity and zeal!How hard was it for a man of a genteel and liberal education, as St. Paul was, to bear such rigours, and to wander about like a vagabond, hungry, and almost naked; yet coming into the presence of persons of high life; and speaking in large and various assemblies, on matters of the utmost importance! See the Inferences.
2Co 11:28. Beside those things that are without,- Beside foreign affairs, the care of all the churches is rushing in upon me every day. Doddridge. Others would read, besides what is exclusive of these things, the care of all the churches, is, &c. for what he had before mentioned were no other than external things. That which cometh upon me daily, Mr. Saurin would read; what besiegeth me daily. The original is very emphatical; that daily insurrection upon me,-the care, &c. The word 'Επισυστασις properly signifies a tumult, or crowd of people rising up against a man at once, and ready to bear him down.
2Co 11:29. Who is offended,- "So as to be led into sin by the rashness or uncharitableness of others; and I am not fired - with grief and indignation, to see such dishonour brought upon religion, and with zeal to repress the grievance, if possible?" The word Πυρουμαι properly signifies to be fired; and it may, perhaps, in this connection, allude to the sudden hurry of spirits into which a man is put by the dangerous fall of a person whom he tenderly loves, especially when occasioned by the carelessness and folly of another.
2Co 11:30. If I must needs glory,- See ch. 2Co 12:11. By the word u954?αυχασθαι, which is translated sometimes to glory, and sometimes to boast, the Apostle throughout, when he applies it to himself, means nothing but the mentioning some commendable action of his, without vanity or ostentation, and barely from the necessity of the occasion.
2Co 11:31. The God and Father, &c.- God, even the Father, &c. There should only be a colon at the end of the verse; this solemn asseveration being introduced to give credit, not to what precedes, but to what follows; which was then known only to few, and is therefore attested in like manner, Gal 1:20 though afterwards particularly related by St. Luke, Act 9:25.
Inferences drawn from 2Co 11:19, &c.-This portion of scripture is the more remarkable, because it presents us with a great Apostle, engaged in an act very unusual, and, generally speaking, very unbecoming that character. It seems therefore highly necessary, in order to understand and be able to account for such a proceeding, that we consider carefully, first, the occasion, and, secondly, the manner of it; after which, such other reflections may be properly suggested, as naturally arise from the subject.
1. The occasion, as has been frequently hinted, was evidently the corruptions brought into the church of Corinth by some false teachers, who had insinuated themselves into the affections of the people by every art of subtilty and deceit. Very many of the people appear to have been caught with their guile, and to have entered into deep prejudices against St. Paul; and were grown so immoderately fond of their false teachers; that at the same time that they thought the just and gentle authority of an Apostle a yoke too heavy, the utmost vanity and insolence, the most insatiable pillaging and avarice, the most imperious tyranny and contumelious treatment, went down very contentedly, from the hands of those mercenary hypocrites.
Had this partiality been attended with no farther consequence than the lessening St. Paul's private reputation, he would not have thought it worth while so solicitously to vindicate his honour; but foreseeing that so undeserved a preference of the men, would certainly bring on a liking for their errors, and thus endanger the souls of as many as should adhere to them, charity for his brethren called for justice to himself. Accordingly, for the sake of those deluded Corinthians, and to justify the truth, he found it necessary to assert his due; to provoke his bold detractors to a comparison, and so at once to shew how much he, and how little they, were able to produce, in proof of their authority;-an authority, which he was invested with by Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost, and exercised with lenity and temper; but which they, by dint of arrogance, assumed to themselves, and abused to the vile purposes of calumny and faction.
Such was the occasion, such the end of our Apostle's appearing here in a figure so unlike what he commonly makes in his writings; yet which, though they are so reasonable and so urgent, he manages in such a way, as to clear his humility of every suspicion that the most captious adversary could cast upon it.
2. This may better appear from the second particular,-the manner of his proceeding on this delicate occasion: in which we should observe, 1. His many apologies, or seeming condemnations of himself, in giving way so far to the provocations of those who spoke or thought against him. See 2Co 11:21; 2Co 11:23; 2Co 11:30. (and again ch. 2Co 12:1; 2Co 12:11, &c.) with other expressions to the like purpose. So cautiously does the Apostle conduct himself in a point which he rightly understood to be so nice: for, as the expatiating upon ourselves without any necessity, is of all faults in conversation the most nauseous and offensive, so the being extremely tender and officious, even in our own vindication, is seldom free from vanity. This is the case of all mankind,-but especially of the ministers of Christ, who must expect a share in calumnies and contradictions, and ought to be armed with patience to endure them, above the proportion of common men. When therefore these have influence upon their personal advantages only, it is generally better to leave the clearing of their innocence to time, and the evidence of a good conversation. Where they reflect upon their character, and by poisoning the people with ill impressions, tend to obstruct the efficacy of their labours,-the cause becomes public; their charge is concerned, and a becoming solicitude to set matters right in such circumstances, is no longer zeal for their own, but charity for other men's safety and good.
And yet even in these circumstances, St. Paul's example teaches us how careful we ought to be in warding off all the spiteful constructions which are apt to be made of the most necessary and the most modest publication of our own conduct and deservings: for, 2. The subjects upon which he chooses here to enlarge were, not the greatness of his miracles, not the power of his eloquence and arguments, not the success of his labours, or the number of converts he had won, or of the churches that he had planted, though no man could with greater right have alleged all these; but only the toils and hardships, the persecutions and afflictions in which the discharge of his ministry had engaged him. These were such privileges, as his adversaries neither had nor desired to have to boast of. They had other things in view; (2Co 11:20.) the gain of private contributions,-the command of their hearers' purses, and an absolute dominion over their persons. The grounds upon which they exalted themselves were all taken from worldly advantages, (2Co 11:21-22.) and in that respect St. Paul is content to declare himself their equal. The particulars in which he declares himself their superior, were of such a kind, that they were well enough satisfied to yield him a preference in them;-stripes and imprisonments, shipwrecks, and deaths, hard and perilous journies, cold, and hunger and thirst. These it was so far from vanity to glory in, that the Apostle found it necessary (ch. 12) to subjoin his being honoured with extraordinary visions and revelations, to prevent so great a degree and so constant a succession of sufferings from being turned into an argument of God's displeasure against one so incessantly exercised in them.
And yet, these afflictions were really the most proper matter of glorying to St. Paul; because it was perfectly free from all vanity and self-seeking; for his were not sufferings in pursuit of his own emolument or gratification; not industriously courted, nor ostentatiously magnified, in order to turn them into gain-And still more, because to all who duly considered them, they were proofs of that abundant grace which supported him under them; of that unparallelled sincerity and zeal which, through the blessing of God, disposed him so cheerfully to persevere in encountering with them; and of the truth of that doctrine, which, by the ministry of one so wondrously oppressed and ill treated, could yet gain so much ground, and triumph over all opposition.
The passage thus explained offers to us the following useful considerations:
1. The instance before us shews, how far we ought to be from reckoning what we endure for God's cause, (when it really is GOD'S) as matter of sorrow or shame to us. St. Paul, in comparison of the rest of the Apostles, was a labourer called in at the eleventh hour; and as he taught the Philippians to esteem it, so he thought it,-a peculiar grace, that it was given him not only to believe in Jesus, but also to suffer for his name. The fervency of his charity and zeal made up what was wanting in point of time.
2. When St. Paul, to all his other sufferings, adds the care of all the churches, and his zealous compassion over those who were afflicted or in danger of falling: this shews us the abundance of his charity, and instructs us what ought to be the measure of ours-not to neglect, or think ourselves excused from a tender concern for the afflictions or dangers of our brethren, upon the account of any sufferings of our own. Be our other circumstances what they will, yet still they are members of Christ's body, and while that relation continues, all the duties resulting from it must do so too. So indispensable and perpetual a duty indeed is charity, for the souls of others especially, that those hardships, which lie outward and open to the view of others, are far from being the most sensible part of what the genuine ministers of the Gospel endure.
Lastly, The methods used for exercising St. Paul's patience, holiness, and virtue, teach us plainly, that the way in which God would be served by Christians, but especially by his ministers, is that of constancy, of indefatigable diligence, and of diffusive love: that ease and idleness, that luxury and an effeminate declining of trouble for the public good, are by no means agreeable to the character of a disciple of Christ Jesus. So strenuously does this great Apostle, by his own example, encourage and prepare us for the like discipline, if called to it, that no one who professes himself the servant of Christ can plead exemption from a similar perseverance and fortitude. One great and evident design of these sharp conflicts of St. Paul was, doubtless, to stimulate every future Christian to reduce the softness of a nature generally too indulgent of flesh and blood, and to enure him to suffer hardships like a good soldier, under the common Captain of our salvation. In which warfare the less we spare our own persons, the more we may depend upon his protection and support under the conflict; the brighter trophies shall we raise to his glory, to the honour of religion, and the unspeakable advantage both of body and soul, in that day of triumph and eternal joy! Amen.
REFLECTIONS.-1st. The Apostle begins, 1. With an apology for what he was about to say; Would to God ye could bear with me a little in my folly; and indeed bear with me, compelled reluctantly to speak in my own commendation.
2. He gives the reasons for what he was about to say. It was,
[1.] Out of jealousy for them. For I am jealous over you with godly jealousy: for I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ, true to your solemn engagements, and faithful in all your conduct to this heavenly Bridegroom of souls. But I fear, knowing the wiles of the false teachers, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ; perverted from the principles, or seduced from the practice, of the gospel.
[2.] Out of justice to himself. For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not preached, or if ye receive another Spirit, which ye have not received, or another gospel, which ye have not accepted, ye might well bear with him: but since there is but one Jesus, one Spirit, one gospel, it was shrewdly to be suspected that the person who pretended to preach another Jesus, boasted of a better Spirit, and a more excellent gospel, than that by which they had at first been converted to the faith, was a deceiver, and, instead of being connived at, or caressed, should be rejected with abhorrence.
2nd, Constrained by the insinuations which had been cast out against him, the blessed Paul,
1. Asserts his equality with the very chief of the apostles. Though rude in speech, my elocution being not so graceful as that of some others, yet my knowledge of the gospel mysteries is inferior to none. But we have been thoroughly made manifest among you in all things; your consciences have borne witness to the efficacy of our preaching; and our conversation among you, as you know, has been most unblameable.
2. He asserts his disinterested conduct, and vindicates himself from the cavils of his adversaries, who suggested that he had acted below the apostolic character, in not receiving his maintenance from the church at Corinth. Have I committed an offence in abasing myself, to work for my subsistence, that ye might be exalted to the participation of the gospel privileges; because I preached to you the gospel of God freely, that no prejudice might obstruct your receiving our word, which such disinterested zeal could not but recommend? I robbed other churches, taking wages of them to do you service; not really plundering them, but living upon their voluntary contributions; when the Corinthians, so much richer, could much easier have afforded him a maintenance. However, he neither had been, nor would be a burden to them; his former wants the Macedonians had supplied; and he was firmly resolved that none in all Achaia, in any future time, should have reason to reproach him on this behalf, to stop his glorying of having preached to them the gospel freely.
Wherefore do I this? out of pride or disgust, as the false teachers would insinuate, and because I love you not? No; God knoweth that these were not my motives. But I have thus acted, and will continue so to do, that I may cut off occasion from them which desire occasion, and would be ready to catch at any handle to fleece you, if I received any thing from you. Therefore I would wish that wherein they glory, they may be found even as we, and as free from every mercenary view: for in truth such are false apostles, assuming a character to which they have not the least title; deceitful workers, corrupting the word of God; transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ, appearing under the most specious professions. And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light, as he appeared when he came to seduce Eve from her integrity: therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness, whose end shall be according to their works, and the issue be their everlasting destruction.
3rdly, The Apostle, with reluctance, enters upon the subject of his own vindication. I say again, let no man think me a fool; if otherwise, yet as a fool receive me, that I may boast myself a little, such boasts, in general, being indeed the indications of a vain mind. That which I speak, I speak it not after the Lord, but as it were foolishly in this confidence of boasting; but since I am compelled, by the unhappy circumstances in which I stand, and seeing that many glory after the flesh, in their external privileges, I will glory also. For ye suffer fools gladly, and caress the vain boasters among you, seeing ye yourselves are wise. Probably the words are spoken ironically: Wise men indeed ye are, to be dupes to such ostentatious deceivers. For ye suffer if a man bring you into bondage, tyrannizing over your consciences; if a man devour you under the specious pretences of religion; if a man take of you, or seize from you your possessions: if a man exalt himself, and treat you with lordly contempt; if a man smite you on the face, submissive to every insult. I speak as concerning reproach, as though we had been weak, and had no right to assert such authority as they pretend to claim: howbeit, whereinsoever any is bold, (I speak foolishly) I am bold also, and can produce as long a catalogue of privileges as the chief of these arrogant men.
1. As to external Jewish privileges of descent. Are they Hebrews? so am I, by both my parents, (Php 3:5.) are they Israelites? the sons of Jacob, so Amos 1 : are they the seed Abraham? so am I, a true descendant of this eminent patriarch.
2. As to gospel privileges. Are they the ministers of Christ? commissioned by him? (I speak as a fool,) admitting their plea, though false, to be true, I am more, having a more extraordinary commission, more eminent endowments, and suffering for the cause more than any of them: in labours more abundant; in stripes above measure, unmercifully beaten; in prisons more frequent; in deaths oft, exposed to the most imminent dangers, a short enumeration of which will prove what I assert. Of the Jews five times received I forty stripes, save one. Thrice was I beaten with rods, by the Roman lictors; once was I stoned, and left for dead; thrice I suffered shipwreck; a night and a day I have been in the deep, tossed on the foaming waves, and every moment ready to be swallowed up by them: in journeyings often, in perils of waters, in fording rivers, or by land-floods; in perils of robbers; in perils by mine own countrymen, who lay in wait for me; in perils by the heathen; in perils in the city, from dangerous insurrections; in perils in the wilderness, during my travels; in perils in the sea; in perils among false brethren, the most dangerous of all enemies: in weariness and painfulness, under the most fatiguing labours; in watchings often, my rest being broken; in hunger and thirst, for want of needful refreshments; in fastings often, voluntary, or necessitated by mere want; in cold and nakedness, exposed to the inclemency of the weather, and without sufficient cloathing to keep me warm. Beside those things which affect my body, a heavier load of cares lies upon my mind, that which cometh upon me daily, the care of all the churches, to advance their purity and peace, rectify their disorders, and guard them against seducers. Who is weak, and I am not weak? sympathizing with him in his infirmity of body or mind? who is offended, and I burn not with jealousy for the offence, and zeal to restore him? If I must needs glory, I will glory of the things which concern mine infirmities, and rather mention my sufferings and hardships than my privileges. The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is blessed for evermore, knoweth that I lie not. In Damascus, the governor under Aretas the king kept the city of the Damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me: and through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands, snatched as it were from inevitable death. Such a glorious course marked, indeed, the great Apostle: such sufferings for righteousness' sake are the highest honour.
